A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com - Before the introduction of printing to Western Europe during the mid-15th century, all ancient books or manuscripts were written by hand.
Preparing a manuscript was not only a slow and expensive process but also demanding and hard work of a scribe.
Some of the ancient, most luxurious manuscripts were illuminated by their masters, with sophisticated adornments like for example, pictures in brightly-colored pigments and burnished gold leaf and colorful graphic designs using silver and gold.
Illuminated manuscripts contain most of the finest surviving examples of medieval painting and the art of illumination flourished in the early centuries of Christianity when the manuscript codex, or book, gradually replaced the papyrus roll.
By the end of the medieval era, as Europe became wealthier and more worldly, a great variety of texts, both religious and secular, came to be illuminated a variety of illuminated works are among the most astounding and intriguing objects ever created.
These great historical masterpieces reflect almost 1,000 years of human history, from around 600 to 1600. The origins of Western European illumination was the Christian British Isles, and the British Library's collection is one of the finest in the world.
Insular Manuscripts - (7th to 9th century)
'Book of Mulling' Irish pocket Gospel Book - source
These manuscripts were produced under Irish influence and Celtic culture, and developed the late antique practice of enlarging the first letter or initial at the beginning of a text into an entire page —known as a carpet page— which was covered with abstract designs.
Examples of insular manuscripts are Gospel Books and Psalters - the most significant biblical texts for Christian thought and prayer and at the same time, one of the most popular types of illuminated manuscripts in the Middle Ages.
Of all illuminated Insular manuscripts decorated by highly skilled artists, many biblical manuscripts survived and the tradition of using elaborately and beautifully decorated text pages in books of Gospels and other liturgical manuscripts flourished into the Ottonian and Romanesque periods.
Byzantine manuscripts - (6th to 15th century)
In the Byzantine Empire, another tradition of manuscript illumination emerged from the 6th to 15th century. The illuminated manuscript played an important role in the development and spread of Byzantine art.
The most influential and significant characteristics of Byzantine manuscript painting were the abundant use of precious metals, especially gold; the choice of bright colors; the use of empty space, often filled with gold leaf background and a number of different styles to depict the human figure in Byzantine art over the centuries.
Byzantine illumination was frequently devoted to narrating biblical stories.
Carolingian Manuscripts - (8th to 9th century)
Charlemagne (or Charles the Great) King of the Franks and later Holy Roman Emperor, who reigned 800 - 814 encouraged artists, Carolingian illuminators to emulate the naturalism of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
Carolingian art survives in manuscripts, sculpture, architecture and other religious artifacts produced during the period 780-900. These artists worked exclusively for the emperor, members of his court, and the bishops and abbots associated with the court. Geographically, the revival extended through present-day France, Switzerland, Germany and Austria.
Carolingian manuscripts are presumed to have been produced largely or entirely by clerics in a few workshops around the Carolingian Empire during the reign of Charlemagne covered most of Western Europe, as the Roman Empire once had.
Each of these workshops practiced its own style and even Charlemagne had his own center or scriptorium for copying and illuminating manuscripts, at Aachen, Germany. Under the direction of Alcuin of York, this scriptorium produced a new script known as Carolingian miniscule (writing) that spread from Aachen and was universally adopted, allowing for clearer written communication within Charlemagne's empire.
Carolingian miniscule was the most widely used script in Europe for about 400 years.
Ottonian Manuscripts - (10th to 11th century)
In the mid-10th century, a line of German kings including Otto I, Otto II, and Otto III began to commission manuscripts that, as in the Carolingian tradition, were to be a visual manifestation of imperial power.
The Ottonians were influenced by Byzantine art, using a narrative style that expresses the gravity and simplicity of Byzantine icons.
The volumes of the figures and the spatial relationships are reduced to luminously colored patterns. The figures have large, expressive eyes and long, gesturing hands—motifs that are also derived from Byzantine art.
Ottonian art - particularly manuscript illumination, metalwork and ivory carving, and most surviving Ottonian illuminated manuscripts were created for a sacred purpose; manuscripts were most often produced of religious texts, and usually included a dedication portrait commemorating the book’s creation. The royal or religious donor is usually shown presenting the book to the saint of his or her choice.
The Ottonians held mathematical sciences in high regard and this is reflected in many of their artistic works. The intense intellectual, cultural and religious climate inspired artistic masterpieces produced by Ottonian “scriptoria” or monastery painting and writing schools.
Romanesque Manuscripts - (11th to 12th century)
Romanesque art was international in character, borrowing from both Insular and Byzantine art. It was created in Western Europe in approximately 1000 AD.
The Insular focus on initials became the central element in Romanesque illumination, and the historiated initial, which contains an illustrative scene, was derived from the Byzantine interest in narrative.
The great examples of Romanesque manuscript illuminations with very popular decorations, striking colors and patterned backgrounds along with abstract drapery were used in the Bible or other religious texts.
Each book could be prefaced by a large historiated initial, also major initials were similarly illuminated as well. The Bibles often had a very large page size.
The Stavelot Bible, written over four years at Stavelot in what is now Belgium in the late eleventh century.
Several great examples of Romanesque manuscripts. One of them is for example, the outstanding early manuscript from its scriptorium, the Stavelot Bible, of about 1094 - 97, which is the work of many artists.
Gothic Manuscripts - (13th to 15th century)
By the end of the 12th century, Parisian artisans had developed a new style of illumination characterized by sinuous figures, vivid narratives, and the lavish use of gold leaf. During the 13th century the English and German schools developed Gothic styles as well.
In England the art of illumination flourished widely in the second half of the 13th century. It was a time, in which the connections with the continent, particularly France, were strong.
Artists left the monastic scriptorium and moved into professional workshops in the city's centers. Many wonderful works - based on different styles and techniques of illumination - were created in this period of time.
Written by – A. Sutherland - AncientPages.com Senior Staff Writer
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