African Kingdom Of Axum – Ancient Ruins Of Early Churches Unearthed

Conny Waters - AncientPages.com - Archaeologists have made an important discovery in the Kingdom of Aksum, a major ancient power in Northeastern Africa, identifying two churches from shortly after the Aksumite's conversion to Christianity.

Excavation of one of the early churches found in Adulis, which likely served as the city’s cathedral. Credit: Antiquity

These are some of the first churches in the Kingdom reliably dated to this key period.

The Aksumite Kingdom ruled much of the northern Horn of Africa in the first millennium AD, stretching from Ethiopia to Arabia, and was an important contemporary of the Roman Empire.

Like their Mediterranean neighbor, the Aksumite leader—King Ezana—converted to Christianity in the 4th century AD but securely dated churches from this period are rare.

Aksumite currency depicting King Endubis of Aksum or Axum. (Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com - CC BY-SA 3.0

However, two churches from the important Aksumite port of Adulis, in modern Eritrea, are helping fill this gap. One is an elaborate cathedral, complete with the remains of a baptistry, that is located near the center of the city and was first excavated in 1868. The other, first excavated in 1907, is in the east and features a ring of columns that show it once had a dome.

It is worth mentioning that Adulis was an ancient city located along the Red Sea in the Gulf of Zula, approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) south of Massawa, also a port  city in the Northern Red Sea region of Eritrea.

Credit: Antiquity (2022). DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2022.136 - Adulis sector 4 - eastern church

Adulis' ruins lie within the modern Eritrean city of Zula. The city had a comfortable location  close to Greece and the Byzantine Empire, with its luxury goods and trade routes.

Over a hundred years since these churches were first excavated, archaeologists are re-examining these buildings with modern techniques. Dr. Gabriele Castiglia, from the Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, is part of a team digging them back up and carrying out radiocarbon dating on the site.

Archaeological excavations at Adulis, done by the Italian Roberto Paribeni in 1907. Image credit: David Stanley - CC BY 2.0

This new data has allowed them to accurately reconstruct their history, with their findings published in the journal Antiquity.

"This study provides one of the first examples of Aksumite churches excavated with modern methods and chronological data coming from modern dating methods," said Dr. Castiglia.

The research revealed construction began on the cathedral between AD 400–535, whilst the domed church was built AD 480–625. This makes them some of the earliest securely dated churches in the Aksumite Kingdom, and the oldest known outside the capital's heartlands. This shows a relatively rapid spread of Christianity through the Kingdom of Aksum.

Earlier excavations - A 5th century Byzantine basilica at Adulis, Eritrea, excavated in 1914 by the Italian archaeologist Roberto Paribeni. David Stanley - CC BY 2.0

"Having a precise chronology for these churches is key to understanding how the process of conversion to Christianity shaped the geographical and cultural area," said Dr. Castiglia.

Crucially, the buildings show that the spread of Christianity was not the result of a single factor, like a mandate by King Ezana. The churches have elements from many traditions, reflecting the diverse influences on the kingdom's conversion.

The domed church, for example, is unique in the Aksumite Kingdom and appears to be inspired by Byzantine churches. Meanwhile, the cathedral is built on a large platform in the Aksumite tradition.

Excavations at the domed church, revealing a room near the entrance. Credit: Antiquity

The churches can also shed light on the later arrival of Islam. Adulis underwent a period of gradual decline and the churches eventually fell into disuse. Dr. Castiglia found that this was not the end of their lives –the cathedral was re-appropriated as a Muslim burial ground.

The continued use of existing sacred spaces could indicate the region's conversion to Islam was also a multicultural phenomenon, with local customs mixed in with the new religion.

"This is one of the first times we have the material evidence of re-appropriation of a Christian sacred space by the Islamic community," said Dr. Castiglia.

Together, these buildings show the religious history of the Horn of Africa was cosmopolitan, with diverse groups influencing the spread of beliefs.

Paper

Written by Conny Waters - AncientPages.com Staff Writer