A. Sutherland -AncientPages.com - The Aztec Eagle and Jaguar Warriors were, without doubt, some of the most skilled and feared fighting forces of the ancient world. For 200 years, they were Mesoamerica's most dominant and terrifying warrior force.
An Aztec Jaguar warrior. Unknown author - FAMSI website (Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc.) - Public Domain
They created a vast and ruthless empire. All went well until they faced an enemy even more potent than themselves, an enemy they could never conquer. This devastating encounter was the beginning of the end.
Aztec Military Organization
The Aztecs were not peaceful people. Warfare played a central role in their society and was the driving force of their economy and religion. Every Aztec male was a warrior and received basic military training, whether trader, craftsman, or farmer, from a young age. Military achievement, particularly taking prisoners, was the only vehicle for upward social movement available for commoners.
Statue of an eagle warrior (cuauhtli), found during excavation of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan.
tnb - - CC BY-SA 2.0
Aztec warriors often went to war to expand the empire and meet the needs they had to provide sacrifices for their beliefs and rituals. The Aztecs were known not instantly to kill their enemies or victims but to bring them home to their ruler, who would sacrifice them in ritual ceremonies.
The Aztecs believed a male should become a great warrior because his duty was to "feed the Sun with the blood of their enemies."
The Aztec army's secret to success was a good organization and well-trained and determined warriors. The Aztecs did not have a permanent or standing army but called up warriors when required. Each town was required to provide a complement of 400 men for campaigns, during which they would remain as a unit led by one of their senior warriors and march under their standard but also be a part of a larger group of 8,000 men. As many as 25 such divisions, or 200,000 men, could be mobilized for a large-scale campaign.
Who Could Become An Aztec Eagle Warrior Or Jaguar Warrior?
The Aztec Empire was organized with a strong central government headed by the emperor. The priests and warrior castes came next; they were made up of nobles who enjoyed a high status in Aztec society. These warriors formed a professional core in Aztec armies and were ranked according to their achievements on the battlefield.
Euatl - a tunic trimmed with feathers. Anthropological Museum in Mexico City.
Sons of nobles were expected to enter into the Eagle Warrior or Jaguar Warrior society and to progress through the ranks. Commoners who excelled in warfare would also be allowed to join the orders.
To become an Eagle Warrior or Jaguar Warrior took work. Training started at a very early age. The Aztecs had a rigid education system. Young boys were trained in fighting, battle tactics, killing, and, most importantly, taking captives. The entire Aztec society was structured to be better at warfare than everybody else simply
The existence and purpose of the males focused on being a great warrior. At 17, young Aztec men became warriors and entered formal military training. Aztec warriors could move up in ranking by capturing enemies.
Death was an essential part of Aztec culture, from sacrifice to burial. Warriors were especially a part of this cycle and cultural aspect. The ceremony was involved when a warrior died either from battle or sacrifice. Captured warriors would be sacrificed to the sun god, and in some cases, the warrior would do the sacrifice.
If a warrior died in battle, his corpse would be burned there on the battlefield rather than in his city-state. An arrow from the fallen warrior on the battlefield would be returned, dressed in the Sun god insignia, and burned. The Aztecs believed that the same place for the afterlife of warriors was also the place for women who died during childbirth.
Aztec warriors and priests as depicted in Folio 65r of the Codex Mendoza, a mid-16th century Aztec codex, wearing battle suits and tilmahtli tunics. Public Domain
Mourning for fallen warriors was a long and sacred process. The mourners, for eighty days straight, would not bathe and groom themselves. These actions were done to wait for that fallen warrior's soul to reach the Sky of the Sun.
To be eligible to join the Eagles or Jaguars, a man had to capture four prisoners in battle. Eagle Warriors were adorned in eagle feathers and wore headgear with an eagle head on it, their faces looking out from an open beak. Jaguars wore suits made from the pelts of pumas (jaguars) and associated themselves with their god of night.
Eagles and Jaguars were the largest warrior societies, and they were the only types of warriors who would be considered full-time warriors. These warriors became leaders and commanders on and off the battlefield. After reaching this rank, they would be regarded as nobles and elite members of Aztec society.
Aztec warriors as shown in the Florentine Codex. Unknown artist. Manuscript written by Bernardino de Sahagún - Public Domain
It is why a warrior's path was a way to change one's social status in Aztec culture. The Aztec emperor granted various rights to the warriors who advanced to the eagle and jaguar orders because of their ability and achievement.
These privileges included the right to wear otherwise proscribed jewelry and daily military attire, to dress in cotton and wear sandals in the royal palace, to eat human flesh and drink octli (pulque) in public, to keep concubines, and to dine in the Royal Palaces.
The Arrival Of The Spaniards
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in February 1519, and it was one of the most significant events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
When the Spaniards entered Mexico, they engaged the Aztec warriors. The Eagle and Jaguar warriors were courageous, but their weapons were primitive, and they could not defeat the conquistadors. In a violent battle at the "House of the Arsenal," fifteen Spaniards were captured and sacrificed.
The Aztecs'Aztecs' resistance was efficient, and the fighters were brave. Both men and women fought against the Spaniards, but the odds were stacked against them, and they had no chance against the brutal, foreign invasion force.
Written by – A. Sutherland AncientPages.com Staff Writer
Updatd on Sep 14, 2023
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